Gum Disease (Periodontal Disease), Symptoms and Causes

Gum disease, also known as periodontal disease, is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the gums and supporting structures of the teeth.

Periodontal Disease (Gum Disease), Symptoms and Causes

What is Gum Disease?

Gum disease, also known as periodontal disease, is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the gums and supporting structures of the teeth. It is primarily caused by bacterial plaque, a sticky, colorless film that constantly forms on the teeth. If not removed through proper oral hygiene, plaque hardens into tartar, which can only be removed by a dental professional. Periodontal disease can range from simple gum inflammation (gingivitis) to severe damage to the soft tissue and bone supporting the teeth (periodontitis), ultimately leading to tooth loss if left untreated.

How common is periodontal disease?

Periodontal disease is one of the most common oral health issues worldwide. Studies indicate that nearly half of adults over the age of 30 have some form of gum disease, with prevalence increasing with age. Factors such as smoking, poor oral hygiene, genetic predisposition, and systemic health conditions like diabetes significantly contribute to the risk of developing periodontal disease. Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings at Moon Smile Clinic can help manage and prevent the progression of gum disease.

What are Periodontal Disease Types?

There are several types of periodontal diseases, each varying in severity and symptoms. Understanding these types can help in early detection and management:

Gingivitis

Gingivitis is the mildest form of periodontal disease. It causes redness, swelling, and bleeding of the gums. The condition is usually reversible with good oral hygiene and professional treatment at Moon Smile Clinic.

Periodontitis

When gingivitis is left untreated, it can advance to periodontitis. In this stage, the inner layer of the gum and bone pull away from the teeth, forming pockets that can become infected. The body's immune system fights the bacteria as the plaque spreads and grows below the gum line. Toxins produced by the bacteria and the body's natural response to infection start to break down the bone and connective tissue that hold teeth in place.

Periodontal Abscess

A periodontal abscess is a localized collection of pus that can occur in the tissues surrounding the teeth due to a bacterial infection. This condition requires immediate professional care to prevent further complications.

What are the symptoms of periodontal disease?

The symptoms of periodontal disease can vary, but common signs include:

Swollen, red, or tender gums
Bleeding gums during and after brushing
Persistent bad breath or a bad taste in the mouth
Receding gums
Formation of deep pockets between teeth and gums
Loose or shifting teeth
Changes in the fit of partial dentures

Periodontal Disease Stages

Periodontal disease progresses through several stages, each with increasing severity and impact on oral health. Understanding these stages can help in early detection and intervention:

The stages of periodontal disease include:

Gingivitis: This is the earliest stage, characterized by gum inflammation without bone loss. Symptoms include redness, swelling, and bleeding gums. With proper care and treatment, gingivitis is reversible.
Slight Periodontitis: The inflammation extends below the gum line, leading to slight bone loss. The infection starts to damage the bone and fibers supporting the teeth.
Moderate Periodontitis: At this stage, the damage becomes more extensive. The pockets around the teeth deepen, and moderate bone loss occurs. The teeth may start to loosen.
Advanced Periodontitis: This is the most severe stage, with significant bone loss, deep pockets, and loose teeth. Without aggressive treatment, teeth may need to be extracted.

What causes periodontal disease?

Periodontal disease is primarily caused by plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that forms on the teeth. When plaque is not removed through regular brushing and flossing, it hardens into tartar, which can only be removed by a dental professional. The bacteria in plaque and tartar cause inflammation of the gums, known as gingivitis. If left untreated, this inflammation can spread below the gum line and lead to periodontitis. Other contributing factors include smoking, hormonal changes, certain illnesses and medications, genetic susceptibility, and poor nutrition.

Gum disease risk factors

Several factors increase the risk of developing gum disease, including:

Smoking and tobacco use
Hormonal changes in women
Diabetes
Certain medications
Genetic predisposition
Poor oral hygiene
Poor nutrition
Stress

Diagnosis and Tests

Diagnosing periodontal disease involves a thorough examination of your gums, teeth, and mouth. At Moon Smile Clinic, our dental professionals use a variety of diagnostic tools and techniques to assess the health of your gums and identify any signs of disease. This may include measuring the depth of the pockets around your teeth, checking for gum recession, and evaluating your overall oral hygiene. X-rays may also be taken to assess the bone levels around your teeth. Early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment and management of periodontal disease.

Management and Treatment

Managing and treating periodontal disease involves a combination of professional dental care and good oral hygiene practices at home. The treatment plan may vary depending on the severity of the disease. At Moon Smile Clinic, our approach includes:

Professional Cleaning: Removing plaque and tartar through professional cleanings.
Scaling and Root Planing: A deep-cleaning procedure to remove plaque and tartar from below the gum line and smooth the tooth root to promote healing.
Medications: Using antimicrobial mouth rinses, gels, or oral antibiotics to reduce bacteria and inflammation.
Surgical Treatments: In severe cases, surgical procedures such as flap surgery, bone grafts, or tissue regeneration may be necessary to restore supportive tissues and bone.

How long can you keep your teeth with periodontal disease?

The longevity of your teeth with periodontal disease depends on various factors, including the severity of the disease, how early it is detected, and the effectiveness of treatment. With prompt and appropriate treatment at Moon Smile Clinic, many patients can keep their teeth for a lifetime. Regular dental visits, good oral hygiene practices, and a healthy lifestyle play crucial roles in managing periodontal disease and maintaining your natural teeth.